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Critical Alert: Global Child Wasting Crisis (2025–2026)
Escalating Hunger and Malnutrition in High-Risk Zones
The latest data from the FAO, UNICEF, and the 2025 Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) highlights a sobering reality: child wasting (acute malnutrition) among children under five has risen for the sixth consecutive year. As of early 2026, conflict, economic instability, and climate shocks have pushed millions of children to the brink, particularly in regions where food systems have collapsed.
The 7 Countries with the Highest Impact
Based on the 2025/2026 Global Nutrition Reports and the IPC (Integrated Food Security Phase Classification), the following countries report the highest prevalence or most severe "nutrition crises" for children under five:
| Rank | Country | Primary Driver | Severity Status (2025-2026) |
| 1 | Sudan | Conflict / Displacement | Nutrition Crisis: Highest severe wasting rates globally. |
| 2 | Palestine (Gaza) | Active Conflict | Extreme Concern: Famine-level malnutrition in northern zones. |
| 3 | Yemen | Economic Shock / War | Critical: Over 2 million children acutely malnourished. |
| 4 | Mali | Insecurity / Drought | Nutrition Crisis: Rapidly rising severe acute malnutrition. |
| 5 | Pakistan | Climate Change / Economy | High Burden: Significant death tolls linked to wasting. |
| 6 | South Sudan | Flooding / Conflict | Emergency: Wasting levels consistently above the 15% threshold. |
| 7 | Somalia | Recurring Drought | Endemic: High concentration of under-five mortality due to SAM. |
Key Findings and Statistics
The Global Burden: Approximately 42.8 million children worldwide suffer from wasting. Of these, 12.2 million are experiencing "severe wasting," the most lethal form of malnutrition.
Regional Hotspots: South Asia holds the highest total number of cases (approx. 30 million), while Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for the highest mortality rate, with 58% of all under-five deaths.
The Conflict Link: Children in fragile or conflict-affected settings are three times more likely to die from malnutrition-related causes than those in stable environments.
Why Wasting is Fatal
Child wasting occurs when a child is "too thin for their height," typically due to rapid weight loss from a lack of food or repeated infections (like diarrhea or malaria).
Expert Insight: Wasting is not a permanent condition, but it is a medical emergency. If not treated with Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) and clean water, a child’s immune system fails, making common childhood illnesses fatal.
Looking Toward 2030
The Global Nutrition Target for 2025 (reducing wasting to below 5%) has been largely missed in these high-burden countries. International agencies are now pivoting toward "Integrated Nutrition Actions," which combine food assistance with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs to break the cycle of infection and weight loss.
Sudan: The Epicenter of Global Child Wasting
Sudan currently represents the most severe child malnutrition crisis in the world. As the conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) enters another year, the collapse of the state has turned a food shortage into a generational catastrophe for children under five.
Why Sudan is the Highest Priority
The situation in Sudan is unique due to the speed of decline. In many other high-burden countries, malnutrition is a chronic, slow-burning issue; in Sudan, it has been a vertical drop.
The "Double Burden": Children are not just starving; they are being displaced. Sudan has the world’s largest internally displaced population. When families flee, they lose their crops, their cattle, and their access to the community kitchens or health clinics that once kept wasting at bay.
The Breakdown of the "Breadbasket": Regions like Gezira, once responsible for the majority of Sudan's grain, have become active battlefields. This has sent the price of basic sorghum and millet soaring beyond the reach of the average family.
The Mechanics of Wasting in the Conflict Zone
In Sudan, wasting is driven by three specific "deadly intersections":
Water-Borne Disease: With the destruction of water treatment plants, children are drinking contaminated water. This leads to chronic diarrhea. A child who cannot retain nutrients will "waste" away even if they are being fed small amounts of food.
Vaccination Gaps: The cold chain (refrigeration for vaccines) has collapsed in most of the country. Outbreaks of measles are now a primary "killer" of malnourished children, whose immune systems are too weak to fight off a fever.
The RUTF Pipeline: Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF), the peanut-paste used to treat wasting, is often blocked at borders or looted from warehouses. In many parts of Darfur and Khartoum, the "cure" for wasting is physically prevented from reaching the child.
The Severity by the Numbers
While numbers shift daily, the trend in Sudan is clear:
Massive Scale: Millions of children are currently categorized as "acutely malnourished."
Lethal Risk: A significant portion of these children suffer from Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM). Without specialized medical milk or RUTF, a child with SAM is 11 times more likely to die than a healthy child.
Famine Pockets: In several displacement camps, the Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) rate has surpassed the 30% emergency threshold, indicating that the community is in a state of total nutritional collapse.
The Long-Term Impact
For the children who survive this period of wasting in Sudan, the shadow of the crisis will remain. Wasting in the first five years of life leads to stunting (impaired physical and cognitive development), meaning this conflict is not just taking lives today, but limiting the potential of Sudan's future generations.
Gaza, Palestine: A Man-Made Nutrition Catastrophe
In early 2026, the Gaza Strip remains one of the most dangerous places in the world to be a child. While many malnutrition crises are driven by natural disasters or crop failures, the situation in Palestine—specifically Gaza—is a direct result of sustained conflict, destruction of civilian infrastructure, and severe restrictions on humanitarian access.
The Current Landscape (April 2026)
Following the escalation that began in late 2023 and continued through several failed or fragile ceasefires, the nutritional status of children has reached a breaking point.
Children at Risk: Approximately 320,000 children under five are currently at risk of malnutrition across the Gaza Strip.
Wasting Prevalence: Roughly 101,000 children now require urgent treatment for wasting (acute malnutrition).
The "North-South" Divide: Malnutrition is significantly more severe in North Gaza, where isolation and limited aid have led to severe wasting rates nearly 40 times higher than those in the southern districts.
Drivers of the Crisis
The "wasting" of Gaza’s children is fueled by a lethal combination of factors:
| Factor | Description | Impact on Children |
| Complete Food Insecurity | Over 77% of the population (1.6 million people) face IPC Phase 3 (Crisis) or higher hunger levels. | Lack of protein and micronutrients causes rapid weight loss. |
| Water & Sanitation (WASH) | 95% of the population lacks access to safe water; over 1.3 million people are displaced in overcrowded shelters. | Chronic diarrhea prevents children from absorbing what little food they do eat. |
| Health System Collapse | Only a handful of hospitals are partially functional. Routine vaccinations and neonatal care have largely ceased. | Preventable infections like measles and pneumonia become fatal for malnourished bodies. |
| Maternal Malnutrition | 37,000 pregnant and breastfeeding women are acutely malnourished. | Leads to low birth weights and the inability to breastfeed, putting newborns in immediate danger. |
The Biological "Scarring" of a Generation
Medical experts and the UNICEF 2026 Humanitarian Appeal emphasize that the damage being done today is not just immediate; it is intergenerational.
Cognitive Stunting: Children experiencing severe wasting in their first 1,000 days face permanent neurological deficits.
The "Yellow Line" Risk: Even during pauses in fighting, children searching for food near aid points or the "Yellow Line" buffer zones face extreme physical risk, making food acquisition a life-threatening task.
Humanitarian Response Barriers
As of February 2026, humanitarian agencies are calling for $707 million to address the crisis in Palestine. However, the response is hampered by:
Logistical Blockades: Constant delays at border crossings and the mandatory use of congested entry points.
Supply Depletion: Stocks of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) frequently run out due to unpredictable border closures.
Infrastructure Destruction: The systematic destruction of bakeries, greenhouses, and markets has left Gaza almost entirely dependent on external aid that is not consistently arriving.
Key takeaway: In Gaza, wasting is not a symptom of a lack of global food supply, but a symptom of a lack of access. Without a sustained and unrestricted humanitarian corridor, the "epigenetic scars" of this famine will define the health of Palestinian children for decades to come.
Yemen: A Decade of Hunger and the 2026 Funding Collapse
After 11 years of conflict, Yemen remains one of the most food-insecure countries on Earth. By April 2026, the crisis has transitioned from a war-driven emergency into a structural collapse of survival. While fighting has largely stabilized into a stalemate, the "silent" drivers—economic fragmentation and the withdrawal of international aid—are killing more children than active combat.
The Malnutrition Crisis in Numbers (2026)
The nutritional status of Yemeni children under five is currently among the worst in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.
The Wasting Burden: Approximately 17% of children under five are suffering from wasting.
Severe Wasting (SAM): About 500,000 children are projected to suffer from severe acute malnutrition this year. Without immediate therapeutic milk and RUTF (peanut paste), these children face a high risk of death from organ failure or simple infections.
Chronic Impact (Stunting): Nearly half of all Yemeni children (49%) are stunted—too short for their age due to long-term malnutrition. This damage to physical and brain development is permanent.
Famine Risk: In districts such as Abs, Kushar, and Az Zuhrah, thousands of families are currently classified in IPC Phase 5 (Catastrophe), the final stage before a full-scale famine declaration.
Why 2026 is a Turning Point
The current year is particularly lethal for Yemeni children due to a "humanitarian reset" and a historic funding shortfall.
| Driver | 2026 Status | Impact on Wasting |
| Funding Collapse | Only 10–16% of required humanitarian aid has been received as of early 2026. | Over 3,000 nutrition sites have closed, leaving families in remote areas with no place to treat thin, weak children. |
| Economic Fragmentation | Two competing central banks and a collapsing Rial (YER) have sent food prices up by 26% year-on-year. | The "Minimum Food Basket" is now unaffordable for 63% of the population. |
| Climate Shocks | Yemen is the world's 3rd most climate-vulnerable nation; 2025/2026 saw record flash floods and droughts. | Destruction of local sorghum and livestock has eliminated the last safety net for rural families. |
| Disease Synergy | A major cholera pandemic in late 2025 has carried over into 2026, affecting 98% of the country. | Malnourished children lack the immune strength to survive the dehydration caused by cholera. |
Regional "Hotspots" of Wasting
The crisis is most acute in the Tihama Coast (Al Hudaydah) and the Central Highlands, where temperatures and poverty are highest. In these areas, it is common to see:
Maternal Malnutrition: Over 1.3 million pregnant and breastfeeding women are malnourished, meaning babies are born "wasted" (low birth weight) and cannot be breastfed effectively.
The "Muhamasheen" Community: Marginalized social groups who face the highest barriers to aid and the highest rates of child mortality.
The Treatment Gap
As of March 2026, the UN and its partners have appealed for $2.16 billion to save 12 million people, but the global "aid fatigue" is leaving Yemen behind.
A Bitter Reality: Because 40% of health facilities are out of service, a mother in rural Yemen often has to choose between spending her last few cents on transport to a clinic or on bread for her other children. Often, the child with wasting stays home, untreated.
Summary: In 2026, Yemen is not "recovering" from war; it is sinking into an economic and climate-driven famine. Without a massive injection of funds to reopen nutrition centers, hundreds of thousands of children currently in the "wasting" category will not survive the year.
Mali: The Saharan Hunger Front (2025–2026)
Mali is currently at a critical junction in its fight against child wasting. While there has been a projected decline in cases compared to the record highs of 2024, the situation remains "Serious" to "Critical" in the northern and central regions. As of early 2026, over a million children remain in a fragile state due to the convergence of shifting frontlines, economic isolation, and the depletion of food reserves.
The Malnutrition Forecast (November 2025 – October 2026)
According to the latest IPC Acute Malnutrition (AMN) analysis, the burden of wasting remains a major public health threat.
Total Children Affected: Approximately 1.12 million children (aged 6–59 months) are expected to suffer from acute malnutrition during this cycle.
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM): Roughly 227,000 children are facing SAM. While this is nearly a 46% reduction from 2024/25 levels thanks to targeted response efforts, it still represents a quarter of a million children at immediate risk of death.
The "Lean Season" Deterioration: Experts warn of a sharp decline between June and October 2026. During these months, 32 areas are projected to deteriorate, with nine regions expected to shift into IPC Phase 4 (Critical).
Drivers of Wasting in Mali
Mali’s crisis is defined by "fragility clusters"—areas where multiple crises overlap, making it nearly impossible for children to gain or maintain weight.
| Driver | Current Impact | Vulnerable Regions |
| Insecurity & Blockades | Conflict and "hard-to-reach" designations prevent the delivery of therapeutic food (RUTF). | Ménaka, Gao, Mopti |
| Agricultural Failure | Floods in late 2025 followed by erratic rains have hit rice and cereal yields. | Segou, Tombouctou |
| High Food Prices | In conflict zones, food baskets are up to 152% higher than the national average. | Kidal, Gao |
| Disease Synergy | High prevalence of malaria and diarrhea, combined with low vaccination rates. | Nationwide |
Regional Focus: The "Critical" Zones
As we move through 2026, the international community is focusing on these high-risk hubs:
Ménaka Region: Consistently reports the highest wasting rates (surpassing 22%) due to extreme isolation and militant blockades.
Kayes and Koulikoro: These regions are seeing rising malnutrition due to internal displacement and a 75% funding gap in humanitarian assistance.
Tombouctou & Gao: Strategic areas where the destruction of markets has left families entirely dependent on inconsistent external aid.
The 2026 Response Strategy
International agencies have shifted toward a "Prevention First" model for Mali this year:
Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture: Distributing drought-resistant, nutrient-rich seeds to families with at-risk children.
Mobile Nutrition Units: Using "Rapid Response Teams" to reach children in "Red Zones" where permanent clinics have been destroyed or abandoned.
WASH Integration: Because 1.9 million people in Mali lack clean water, aid groups are prioritizing water treatment to stop the diarrhea-wasting cycle.
The 2026 Outlook: While the overall number of cases has dipped, the severity in specific pockets like Ménaka is approaching "Catastrophic" (IPC Phase 5) levels. Mali's ability to avoid a mass mortality event during the 2026 lean season depends entirely on whether humanitarian corridors can be opened and held.
Status Note: Mali is currently identified as one of the six countries at the highest risk of famine or catastrophic hunger in the first half of 2026.
Pakistan: The 2026 Climate-Malnutrition Nexus
In Pakistan, child wasting is no longer just a consequence of poverty; it is the frontline of a climate-driven health emergency. By April 2026, the country continues to grapple with the "nutrition debt" created by consecutive years of catastrophic monsoons and heatwaves, which have decimated local food systems.
The Burden of Wasting (2026)
Pakistan faces one of the highest volumes of acute malnutrition globally. The crisis is defined by a state of "permanent emergency" in rural districts where environmental shocks have become seasonal.
Prevalence: Approximately 17.7% of children under five suffer from wasting—well above the 15% emergency threshold.
The Volume: Roughly 5 million children are wasted nationwide, with over 2 million suffering from Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM). These children require immediate therapeutic intervention to avoid organ failure or death.
Stunting Baseline: This acute crisis sits atop a chronic one; 40% of children are stunted (too short for their age), meaning their growth was already compromised before the latest food shocks hit.
Regional "Hotspots" of Wasting
The crisis is concentrated in geographic clusters where climate change and poverty intersect:
Sindh (The Epicenter): In districts like Tharparkar, wasting rates have peaked at nearly 33%. The combination of stagnant floodwaters and extreme summer temperatures (exceeding 45°C) creates a lethal environment for dehydrated, malnourished toddlers.
Balochistan: Extreme isolation and the "double shock" of drought followed by flash floods have made this the most food-insecure province. Chronic lack of access to clean water means children suffer from repeated infections.
Southern Punjab: Recent flooding inundated millions of acres of farmland, destroying the "breadbasket" that rural families rely on for protein-rich dairy and lentils.
Why Recovery is Stalling
In 2026, the recovery of a "wasted" child in Pakistan is hindered by three main factors:
The Inflation Trap: Even when food is available in markets, it is economically inaccessible. The price of milk, eggs, and pulses has risen significantly, forcing families to rely on low-nutrient wheat and sugar.
Water-Borne Disease: The destruction of rural water schemes has led to recurring spikes in cholera and diarrhea. A child with a stomach infection cannot retain nutrients, causing them to "waste" away even if they are eating.
Infrastructure Gaps: While health programs are expanding, many rural clinics still lack consistent supplies of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF)—the specialized peanut paste used to treat wasting.
The Long-Term Outlook
Wasting in Pakistan is often a "poverty of access." The country produces significant amounts of food, but climate-driven infrastructure collapse and economic fragmentation prevent that food from reaching the children who need it most. Without stabilizing the climate-water-nutrition link, millions of children remain at risk of a cycle of weight loss that permanently impairs their physical and cognitive potential.
South Sudan: The Survival Trap
In South Sudan, child wasting is the result of a "perpetual shock" cycle. By 2026, the country remains in a state of permanent humanitarian emergency, where the traditional seasons of planting and harvesting have been replaced by seasons of flooding and displacement.
The Scale of the Crisis
The nutritional situation in South Sudan is among the most severe globally, characterized by extremely high rates of both acute and chronic hunger.
The Wasting Burden: Approximately 2.1 million children under five are currently suffering from acute malnutrition.
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM): Nearly 550,000 of these children are in the severe category—meaning their bodies have begun to consume their own muscle and tissue to survive.
Widespread Emergency: In many parts of the country, the prevalence of wasting far exceeds the 15% international "emergency" threshold, with some regions reporting rates as high as 30%.
The Drivers of 2026
While conflict was once the primary driver, the crisis in 2026 is fueled by a complex intersection of climate and regional instability.
| Driver | Impact on Child Nutrition |
| Permanent Flooding | Four years of record floods have turned vast grazing lands into swamps, killing the cattle that provided children with life-saving milk and protein. |
| The Border Crisis | The ongoing war in neighboring Sudan has forced hundreds of thousands of refugees into South Sudan’s northern states, overwhelming local food supplies. |
| The "Silent" Killer | With 70% of the country's health facilities lacking clean water, children are trapped in a cycle of diarrhea and wasting that no amount of food can fix on its own. |
| Economic Collapse | The local currency has lost significant value, making imported food items—and even local staples—unreachable for the average family. |
Regional "Catastrophe" Zones
The crisis is most acute in the Greater Upper Nile and Bahr el Ghazal regions.
Isolation: In areas like Unity State, floodwaters have cut off roads, making these communities "islands" that can only be reached by boat or expensive air-drops.
Maternal Health: Malnutrition among pregnant women is so high that many babies are born "wasted," starting their lives with a physical deficit that is difficult to overcome without specialized medical milk.
The Challenge of Treatment
In 2026, the primary barrier to saving lives is access.
The RUTF Pipeline: Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) is the "gold standard" for treating wasting, but delivering it to remote, flooded villages is a massive logistical challenge.
Security Risks: Even when food is available, localized violence often prevents mothers from walking to the nearest nutrition center, fearing for their safety.
The 2026 Reality: In South Sudan, wasting is a visible mark of a broken system. A child suffering from wasting here isn't just hungry; they are a victim of a landscape that has become climatically and economically hostile to human survival. Without large-scale water sanitation and peace, the cycle of wasting will continue to repeat with every flood cycle.
Somalia: The Cycle of Climate and Conflict
In Somalia, child wasting has risen for two consecutive years as the country faces one of its most complex humanitarian chapters. By mid-2026, the convergence of a near-total failure of the late-2025 rains and the subsequent "Jilaal" dry season has pushed millions of families past their breaking point.
The Crisis in Numbers (2026)
The nutritional status of Somalia's youngest is in a state of rapid decline, primarily concentrated in the southern and central regions.
Total Children Affected: Approximately 1.84 million children under five are expected to suffer from acute malnutrition during 2026.
Severe Wasting (SAM): Nearly 483,000 children are projected to be severely wasted. These children are in a state of medical emergency and are roughly 11 times more likely to die than their healthy peers without specialized care.
The Scale of Hunger: About 6.5 million people—nearly one-third of the population—are currently facing "Crisis" levels of food insecurity or worse.
The Drivers of Wasting in 2026
The crisis is fueled by a "triple threat" that has dismantled the resilience of pastoral and agropastoral communities.
| Factor | Current Impact |
| Intensified Drought | The failure of the 2025 "Deyr" rains followed by an exceptionally hot 2026 dry season has decimated cereal harvests by 83% below average. |
| Economic Shock | Fuel prices have surged by over 100% due to regional conflicts, driving the cost of water and basic food staples beyond the reach of the poor. |
| Funding Shortfalls | A sharp decline in international aid has forced the closure of nutrition centers, leaving roughly 250,000 children without access to life-saving treatment. |
Regional "Critical" Zones
The geography of wasting in Somalia follows the path of drought and displacement:
Bay and Bakool Regions: Traditionally the hardest hit, these areas see high rates of displacement as families abandon dried-up wells and dead livestock.
Central Regions (Mudug/Galgaduud): Host to thousands of newly displaced people fleeing both drought and localized clan conflict.
Riverine Areas (Lower Shabelle/Hiraan): Even along the rivers, low water levels and disease outbreaks (cholera and measles) have triggered spikes in wasting.
The Biological Reality
In Somalia, wasting is often accelerated by disease synergy. A child who is already thin from lack of food frequently contracts cholera or measles from overcrowded displacement camps. These illnesses cause rapid fluid and nutrient loss, leading a "moderately" malnourished child to slip into "severe" wasting in just a matter of days.
Current Outlook: While the "Gu" rains (April–June 2026) may provide some relief for pastures, the impact of the drought on child nutrition is expected to peak between July and September, as the medical effects of hunger always lag behind the weather.
Focus for 2026: Aid organizations are pivoting toward "Mobile Nutrition Teams" to reach families on the move, but the success of these efforts is currently limited by a massive gap in required funding.
Strengthening Resilience: FAO’s Strategic Actions (2026)
In the fight against child wasting, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations serves as the frontline for prevention. While medical agencies provide the "cure" (therapeutic food), the FAO focuses on the Food Assistance (FA) and livelihood support necessary to stop children from falling into malnutrition in the first place.
As of April 2026, the FAO has integrated its efforts into the "Joint Action to Stop Wasting," a coordinated multi-agency strategy targeting the world’s most vulnerable regions.
FAO Interventions for At-Risk Families
In high-burden countries like Sudan, Yemen, and Somalia, the FAO’s 2026 strategy prioritizes keeping local food systems alive so that families can sustain their children’s health without total reliance on emergency aid.
| Intervention Pillar | Primary Objective | 2026 Targeted Action |
| Livestock Protection | Preserve milk and protein sources. | Distributing 15,000 tonnes of animal feed and conducting mass vaccinations for cattle and goats. |
| Emergency Seed Kits | Secure the next harvest. | Providing drought-resistant, nutrient-dense seeds (sorghum, cowpea, vegetables) to 2 million rural households. |
| The "Cash+" Model | Provide immediate and future relief. | Delivering unconditional cash transfers paired with agricultural tools to allow families to buy water/medicine now. |
| Nutrition-Sensitive Ag | Improve dietary diversity. | Promoting "bio-fortified" crops (rich in Vitamin A, Iron, and Zinc) to build child immunity. |
Strategic Focus Areas (2026)
The FAO’s 2026 Global Emergency and Resilience Appeal emphasizes that for every $1 spent on protecting a farmer’s livelihood, $7 is saved in future emergency food aid.
Sudan & South Sudan: The priority is the 2026 planting season. FAO is delivering "Livelihood Packages" to returnees and displaced families to ensure they can produce grain rather than relying on air-drops.
Somalia: The FAO views a healthy goat as a "mobile nutrition center." By keeping livestock alive during the 2026 dry season, they ensure a daily supply of milk for infants.
Palestine (Gaza): Interventions are focused on restoring small-scale greenhouses and urban gardening to provide fresh micro-nutrients in a landscape where traditional markets have vanished.
Pakistan: Using Anticipatory Action—triggering support before predicted heatwaves or floods hit—to help families secure their food stores and prevent an immediate spike in wasting.
Conclusion: A Path Toward Self-Sufficiency
The data from 2026 proves that child wasting is not just a medical problem; it is a symptom of broken food systems. While therapeutic peanut paste (RUTF) is a life-saver for a child in a clinic, the FAO’s work ensures that when that child returns home, there is a cow providing milk and a garden providing vegetables.
By shifting from "emergency response" to "resilience building," the FAO is attempting to break the cycle of relapse. For these seven high-burden nations, the ultimate goal is to move beyond "Band-Aid" solutions and create a future where a child’s survival is guaranteed by a stable, local food supply rather than a humanitarian convoy. A world without wasting is only possible when we protect the hands that feed the children.