FAO Sofia: The Evolution of Non-Food Fish Use
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations releases the State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) report biennially, providing the global benchmark for status and trends in the sector. While much of the public focus remains on the fish landing on our dinner plates, a significant and increasingly strategic portion of global production is diverted toward non-food uses, primarily for the production of fishmeal and fish oil.
Global Non-Food Fish Utilization
According to the latest FAO SOFIA data, approximately 12% to 15% of total global fish production is destined for non-food purposes. The vast majority of this—roughly 80% or 15–20 million tonnes annually—is reduced into fishmeal and fish oil. This process is increasingly fueled by fish by-products and trimmings, which now account for nearly 35% of global fishmeal production, reflecting a significant shift toward circular economy practices and reduced reliance on whole-fish forage species.
The Shift Toward Circularity
In previous decades, the "reduction" industry relied almost exclusively on small pelagic species like anchoveta, sardines, and menhaden. However, the SOFIA report highlights a crucial transition: the utilization of waste. As processing technology improves, the industry is capturing more value from heads, frames, and viscera that were previously discarded. This shift not only improves the environmental footprint of the industry but also stabilizes supply chains against the fluctuations of wild forage fish stocks.
Key Drivers and Markets
The demand for high-quality fishmeal and oil is no longer driven by the livestock sector (pigs and poultry) as it once was. Today, Aquaculture is the primary consumer.
Aquaculture Feed: High-protein fishmeal remains essential for carnivorous species (like salmon and shrimp), though inclusion rates are dropping as plant-based and insect proteins emerge.
Human Health: Fish oil is increasingly diverted directly to the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries for Omega-3 supplements.
Sustainability Standards: The report emphasizes that more than 50% of global fishmeal and oil production is now certified under sustainability schemes (such as MarinTrust), a higher ratio than most other commodity ingredients.
Future Outlook
The FAO projects that while total fish production will continue to rise, the share of fish used for non-food purposes will remain relatively stable or slightly decrease. This is due to two factors:
Increased efficiency in feed conversion (using less fishmeal to grow more fish).
High market prices for fresh/frozen fish, which incentivizes direct human consumption over reduction.
The Global Powerhouse of Non-Food Fish Production
The production of fishmeal and fish oil is a high-stakes global industry, essential for supporting the world's growing aquaculture and pharmaceutical sectors. While production is spread across the globe, a handful of nations dominate the market through massive wild-capture volumes and sophisticated processing of by-products.
Global Market Context: In 2025, the global fishmeal and fish oil market reached a valuation of approximately $10.6 billion to $11.0 billion. Total global fishmeal production is estimated at roughly 5 million metric tonnes annually, with recovery in South American fisheries driving a significant supply surge.
Global Production & Value Scorecard (2025 Estimates)
| Country | Flag | Annual Production (Metric Tonnes) | Market Value ($ USD) | Performance Score |
| Peru | 🇵🇪 | ~1.2M – 1.5M MT | $4.3 Billion | 9/10 |
| China | 🇨🇳 | ~400k – 600k MT | $1.1 Billion | 8/10 |
| Chile | 🇨🇱 | ~300k – 400k MT | $750 Million | 7/10 |
| Norway | 🇳🇴 | ~200k – 250k MT | $650 Million | 8/10 |
| Denmark | 🇩🇰 | ~200k – 230k MT | $480 Million | 7/10 |
Key Player Profiles
🇵🇪 Peru: The Market Catalyst
Peru is the undisputed leader, with its seafood exports hitting $4.3 billion in 2025. This was largely powered by the recovery of the anchoveta biomass, with landings reaching 4.6 million tonnes for reduction. As the source of 20% of the world's fishmeal, Peru’s output dictates the global benchmark price, which stabilized around $1,500 per tonne in late 2025.
🇨🇳 China: The Demand Driver
China operates as the world’s largest consumer and a significant producer. Its domestic fishmeal market was valued at $1.09 billion in 2025. While it produces a substantial amount, it remains heavily reliant on imports to fuel its massive aquaculture and swine sectors, which consume nearly half of the world's traded fishmeal.
🇳🇴 Norway: The High-Value Refiner
Norway focuses on value over raw volume. While its production is lower than Peru's, its fish oil market alone is worth over $115 million, focusing on high-purity Omega-3s for pharmaceuticals. Norway’s sophisticated refining industry allows it to capture higher margins per tonne compared to industrial-grade producers.
🇩🇰 Denmark: The Sustainability Model
Denmark is the European hub for "circular" production. In 2025, Danish landings for fishmeal and oil exceeded 1 billion DKK (~$145 million) in raw value within just nine months. Denmark leads in the use of sprat and sandeel, with a growing percentage of its value derived from processing fish trimmings from the human consumption sector.
Peru: The Global Engine of Marine Ingredients
Peru is the world's most influential player in the non-food fish sector, primarily due to its management of the Peruvian Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens). As the source of approximately 20% of global fishmeal, the health of Peru’s biomass dictates worldwide feed prices and availability.
Following a challenging 2023 impacted by El Niño, Peru’s 2024–2025 seasons marked a significant "recovery era." In 2024, the industry saw a 40% surge in cumulative production, and by early 2025, Peruvian output had jumped by 300% year-on-year during the initial months, stabilizing a previously volatile global market.
Peru Non-Food Fish Performance Scorecard (2025)
| Metric | 2025 Value / Detail | Status |
| Annual Export Value | $2.0B – $2.3B USD | 📈 Increasing |
| Fishmeal Production | 1.1M – 1.4M Metric Tonnes | ✅ Stable |
| Avg. Market Price | $1,559 per Metric Tonne (Sept 2025) | 📊 Moderating |
| Primary Species | Peruvian Anchoveta | 🐟 Dominant |
| North-Central Quota | 1.63M Metric Tonnes (Second Season) | ⚓ High |
| Performance Score | 9.5 / 10 | ⭐ Elite |
Strategic Drivers of Success
Science-Based Management: The Peruvian Ministry of Production (PRODUCE) utilizes real-time biological surveys to set quotas. For the second season of 2025, they authorized a robust 1.63 million tonne quota, signaling high biomass confidence.
The "Oil Yield" Paradox: While fishmeal production was record-breaking in 2025, Peru faced a unique challenge with lower-than-average oil yields in certain seasons. This created a supply-demand squeeze for fish oil even while meal stocks were plentiful.
Prime vs. FAQ Grades: Peru dominates the high-end market. Over 80% of its production is "Prime" or "Super Prime" grade (dried by steam), which contains higher protein levels (66–67%) and fetches a premium price in the Chinese and Norwegian markets.
Economic Vitality: The fishmeal industry remains Peru’s second-largest sector after mining, contributing nearly 50% of the country’s total fishing GDP.
China: The World’s Largest Consumer and Strategic Producer
China is the gravitational center of the global marine ingredients market. Unlike Peru, which acts as the world’s primary supplier, China is defined by its massive domestic consumption—accounting for nearly 50% of global fishmeal imports. As the world's largest producer of farmed seafood, China's demand for high-protein feed is the single biggest driver of global fishmeal price fluctuations.
In 2025, the Chinese market faced a "dual-track" reality: while domestic production was hampered by environmental regulations and high costs, consumption in the aquaculture sector hit record seasonal highs, specifically driven by a booming white-leg shrimp industry.
China Non-Food Fish Performance Scorecard (2025–2026)
| Metric | 2025–2026 Value / Detail | Status |
| Domestic Market Value | $1.1 Billion USD | 📈 Rising |
| Domestic Production | ~400k – 570k Metric Tonnes | 📉 Declining |
| Import Reliance | > 1.5 Million Metric Tonnes | 🚢 Critical |
| Primary Use Sector | Aquaculture (over 75%) | 🦐 Dominant |
| Pig Feed Usage | Recovering but volatile | 🐖 Variable |
| Performance Score | 8 / 10 | ⭐ High Demand |
Market Dynamics and Strategic Trends
The Decline of Domestic Output: China's domestic production of fishmeal is projected to fall by 20% to 30% through early 2026. This is due to stricter environmental enforcement on coastal processing plants and lower profit margins for local producers, forcing a pivot toward higher-quality imports.
Aquaculture Growth: Despite extreme weather in 2025 (typhoons and heatwaves), China’s farmed fish production surpassed previous years. The demand is particularly concentrated in the warmer southern provinces like Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan, where intensive shrimp farming requires high inclusion rates of fishmeal.
By-Product Utilization: China is rapidly increasing its "circular" capacity. Approximately 29% of its domestic fishmeal is now produced from trimmings and by-products from the human seafood processing sector, a trend the government is incentivizing to reduce reliance on wild-caught "trash fish."
Import Sources: To fill the domestic gap, China has increased imports by roughly 5% in the last year, with Peru, Vietnam, and Chile remaining its top three strategic suppliers.
Chile: The Global Specialist in High-Value Fish Oil
Chile stands as the world’s second-largest producer of fishmeal and fish oil, carving out a specialized niche that focuses on the high-protein requirements of the global salmon industry. While Peru leads in raw volume, Chile is often recognized for its advanced processing capabilities and its strategic role in the "Omega-3" value chain, serving both the aquaculture and human health markets.
In 2025, the Chilean industry navigated a complex landscape of stricter environmental quotas and a shift toward higher-value refined products, maintaining its reputation as a stable, high-quality alternative to the more volatile Peruvian market.
Chile Non-Food Fish Performance Scorecard (2025–2026)
| Metric | 2025–2026 Value / Detail | Status |
| Annual Market Value | $750M – $800M USD | 📊 Stable |
| Fishmeal Production | ~300k – 350k Metric Tonnes | ⚓ Constant |
| Fish Oil Production | ~120k – 150k Metric Tonnes | 🧪 High Value |
| Primary Species | Anchoveta, Jack Mackerel, Sardine | 🐟 Diverse |
| Export Focus | Norway, China, Japan | 🚢 Premium |
| Performance Score | 7.5 / 10 | ⭐ Consistent |
Strategic Advantages and Market Role
The Salmon Industry Synergy: Unlike many other producers, a significant portion of Chile's output is consumed domestically to fuel its status as the world’s second-largest salmon producer. This creates a highly efficient, localized "feed-to-fish" economy.
Diversified Raw Material: Chile relies on a broader range of species than its northern neighbor. The management of Jack Mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) has been a major success story, with the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO) recently increasing quotas due to healthy biomass recovery.
Focus on Circularity: Chile is a leader in utilizing processing waste. Over 30% of Chilean fishmeal and oil is derived from salmon trimmings (heads, guts, and frames). This "upcycled" oil is highly sought after for its specific fatty acid profile.
Geographical Stability: While still affected by El Niño, Chile’s southern fishing grounds are generally more resilient to the warming waters that occasionally paralyze the central Peruvian fisheries, providing a critical "safety net" for global buyers.
Norway: The High-Value Refiner and Innovation Hub
Norway occupies a unique position in the non-food fish sector. While it is a significant producer, its true influence lies in its dual role as a technological leader in refining and the world's most demanding consumer of high-quality fish oil.
In 2025, Norway’s seafood exports reached a record NOK 181.5 billion (~$17.1 billion USD). Although the majority of this value comes from salmon, the non-food sector is the "silent engine" that enables this success. Norway doesn't just produce fishmeal; it innovates the specialized, pharmaceutical-grade oils and high-performance feeds that set global quality standards.
Norway Non-Food Fish Performance Scorecard (2025–2026)
| Metric | 2025–2026 Value / Detail | Status |
| Seafood Export Value | $17.1 Billion USD (Total) | 🏆 Record |
| Fish Oil Market Value | $115M – $146M USD (Refined Domestic) | 🧪 Growing |
| Salmonid Feed Usage | 2.26 Million Metric Tonnes | 🐟 Immense |
| Imported Feed Ingredients | ~$2.8 Billion USD | 🚢 Strategic |
| Primary Species | Mackerel, Blue Whiting, Herring | ⚓ Regulated |
| Performance Score | 8.5 / 10 | ⭐ Innovation Leader |
Strategic Pillars of the Norwegian Sector
The Refined Oil Specialty: Norway is a global leader in the "Nutraceutical" and "Pharmaceutical" space. In 2025, the Norwegian fish oil market was valued at approximately $115.4 million, with a projected growth to $146.7 million by 2032. Companies like Pelagia and GC Rieber focus on ultra-pure Omega-3 concentrates that fetch significantly higher prices than standard feed-grade oils.
The Feed Paradox: Norway is a massive importer of marine ingredients to sustain its $11.7 billion salmon industry. Because its domestic wild-capture quotas (like mackerel and herring) are strictly regulated to ensure sustainability, Norway must import over $2.8 billion in feed ingredients annually, making it a critical "customer" for countries like Peru and Chile.
Mackerel Market Dynamics: In late 2025, Norway saw record prices for mackerel, even as volumes dropped by 34%. This "low volume, high value" trend is characteristic of Norway’s strategy: prioritizing high-quality exports to premium markets like Japan and South Korea rather than bulk reduction.
Technological Circularity: Norway is at the forefront of the circular economy. Its processing plants are designed to capture 100% of the fish. By-products from its massive cod and salmon industries are immediately converted into silage or high-protein hydrolysates, ensuring that no part of the marine resource is wasted.
Denmark: The Circular Economy Pioneer of Northern Europe
Denmark is the undisputed leader of the European marine ingredients sector, serving as the EU's largest producer of both fishmeal and fish oil. Its industry is characterized by a "Blue Bioeconomy" model, where a substantial portion of value is derived not just from targeted industrial fishing, but from the highly efficient recycling of by-products from the human food-processing sector.
In 2025, the Danish industry saw a significant surge in economic performance. Despite geographical access constraints in the North Sea, a combination of higher landing volumes for species like sprat and record-high raw material prices propelled the sector’s value past 1 billion DKK (~$145 million USD) within the first nine months of the year.
Denmark Non-Food Fish Performance Scorecard (2025–2026)
| Metric | 2025–2026 Value / Detail | Status |
| Annual Market Value | $213M USD (Projected Oil Market) | 📈 Growing |
| Production Volume | ~324k Metric Tonnes (Landings to factories) | ✅ Strong |
| Value Growth | +59% Year-on-Year (Total landing value) | 💰 Booming |
| Primary Species | Sprat, Sandeel, Blue Whiting | 🐟 Diversified |
| Circular Contribution | ~35% from trimmings/by-products | ♻️ Leading |
| Performance Score | 8 / 10 | ⭐ Efficiency King |
Strategic Pillars of the Danish Sector
The Sprat and Sandeel Engine: Sprat has become the primary growth driver for Denmark, with 2025 landings reaching 144,000 tonnes—a massive increase from the previous year. While the Sandeel fishery faced access restrictions in British waters (Dogger Bank), the value of the catch still rose to $33 million USD due to a sharp increase in the price per kilo paid by factories.
EU Strategic Autonomy: Denmark accounts for 35% to 50% of total EU fishmeal production. At a time when Europe is seeking to reduce its reliance on imported proteins, the Danish "industrial fishery" is framed as a critical component of regional food security and strategic autonomy.
Leader in "Trash to Treasure": Denmark has pioneered the use of fish trimmings (heads, tails, and frames left over from filleting). Because only 30% to 65% of a fish is typically used for a fillet, the Danish industry captures the remaining 35% to 70% and converts it into high-value nutrients for aquaculture and agriculture.
Export Strength: Denmark is the world’s 3rd largest exporter of fish oil. Its primary export destination is Norway, where Danish oil provides the essential Omega-3 fatty acids required for the massive Norwegian salmon farming industry.
Leading Countries in Non-Food Fish Value-Added Production
As global fisheries transition from bulk commodities to precision ingredients, the "value-added" segment has become the industry's most profitable frontier. In 2025 and heading into 2026, the market is no longer just about volume; it is about the sophisticated refinement of marine lipids and proteins into specialized products for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and high-performance aquafeeds.
While traditional "reduction" (turning fish into meal) remains the base, the following countries lead the world in extracting maximum value through technological innovation and circular economy practices.
Global Value-Added Scorecard (2025–2026 Estimates)
| Country | Flag | Primary Value-Added Focus | Estimated Segment Value | Innovation Rank |
| Norway | 🇳🇴 | Pharmaceuticals & Human Health | $1.1B – $1.4B | 🏆 1st |
| China | 🇨🇳 | Functional Aquafeeds | $10.8B | 📈 2nd |
| Denmark | 🇩🇰 | Circular Bio-Economy | $480M | ♻️ 3rd |
| Iceland | 🇮🇸 | Biotech & Medical Grade | $180M | 🧪 4th |
| India | 🇮🇳 | Advanced Processing Clusters | $750M | 🚀 5th |
Analysis of Value-Added Leaders
🇳🇴 Norway: The Pharmaceutical Gold Standard
Norway has successfully pivoted from being a salmon producer to a global hub for marine lipid refining.
High-Concentrate Oils: Norwegian firms lead the market in molecular distillation, producing ultra-pure Omega-3 concentrates.
By 2026, the refined fish oil market in Norway is projected to reach nearly $150 million in pure domestic value, excluding the massive export of refined pharmaceutical ingredients. Biotech Acquisitions: In recent years, Norwegian giants have acquired specialized processing firms to expand their reach into human supplements and high-protein hydrolysates for medical nutrition.
🇨🇳 China: The Feed Engineering Powerhouse
China dominates the "Application" side of value addition. With domestic production declining by 20–30% due to environmental regulations, China has shifted its focus to feed efficiency science.
Functional Additives: Chinese producers are at the forefront of integrating fishmeal with probiotics and enzymes to create "functional feeds" that maximize growth in intensive shrimp and eel farming.
Market Magnitude: The total value of the fishmeal market in China reached $1.09 billion in 2025, driven almost entirely by the demand for high-spec, value-added feed inputs.
🇩🇰 Denmark: The Global Circularity Model
Denmark serves as the world's laboratory for circular production.
Resource Efficiency: Approximately 35% to 44% of Danish marine ingredients are now produced from trimmings and by-products from the human food industry.
Economic Surge: By applying high-tech processing to "waste," Denmark saw its landing values for industrial species surge by nearly 60% in 2025, proving that circularity is as profitable as it is sustainable.
🇮🇳 India: The Emerging Tech Hub
India is rapidly climbing the value-added ranks through government-backed "Fisheries Clusters."
Modernization: Supported by the PMMSY scheme, India is investing in steam-dried (SD) processing plants to replace older flame-dried methods, significantly increasing the protein quality and market price of its domestic fishmeal.
Export Expansion: India’s seafood exports reached a record $7.5 billion (₹62,408 crore) in the 2024–2025 period, with a growing percentage coming from refined marine ingredients for the global shrimp feed market.
Global Industry Leaders and Strategic Players in Non-Food Fish
The non-food fish industry—transforming marine life into high-performance feed and health supplements—is dominated by a small group of vertically integrated giants. These companies control the supply chain from the high-seas fishing fleet to the high-tech refinery. In 2026, as the market reaches an estimated $11.77 billion, these "Key Players" are shifting their focus toward sustainability certifications and pharmaceutical-grade diversification.
Leading Key Players by Region (2025–2026)
| Region | Key Player | Market Role | Strategic Focus |
| Peru 🇵🇪 | TASA (Tecnológica de Alimentos) | World's largest producer | 25% of Peru's output; heavy investment in certified traceability. |
| Norway 🇳🇴 | Austevoll Seafood ASA | Integrated Global Giant | Parent of Pelagia; controls vast North Atlantic quotas and refining. |
| China 🇨🇳 | Fujian High Fortune Bio-Tech | Demand & Tech Leader | Certified feed production and Omega-3 for the massive domestic market. |
| USA 🇺🇸 | Omega Protein (Cooke Inc.) | North American Powerhouse | Focus on Menhaden; specialized in pet food and livestock nutrition. |
| Denmark 🇩🇰 | TripleNine Group | EU Circularity Leader | Sourcing from sustainably managed fisheries and by-product recycling. |
Profiles of the Industry Titans
TASA (Peru)
As the single most influential company in the global fishmeal market, TASA manages a fleet of approximately 48 vessels and multiple coastal plants. In 2025, TASA processed nearly 1.2 million tons of anchoveta. Their commercial strength lies in their ability to supply "Super Prime" grade meal to China’s most demanding aquaculture firms, maintaining a dominant 25% share of the Peruvian market.
Austevoll Seafood ASA (Norway)
A global conglomerate that owns a significant stake in Pelagia, Austevoll is the gatekeeper of European marine ingredients. Through its subsidiary GC Rieber VivoMega, it recently doubled its capacity for high-end triglyceride Omega-3 oils. Their strategy is the "Gold Standard" of value addition: taking raw North Atlantic fish and refining them into "Platinum" grade oils for human supplements.
Cooke Inc. / Omega Protein (USA/Canada)
Through the acquisition of Omega Protein, the Canadian giant Cooke Inc. became a dominant force in the Western Hemisphere. They specialize in the reduction of Atlantic Menhaden. Their recent commercial pivot, under the brand Encompass, focuses on "pet humanization," providing high-spec fishmeal for premium, health-focused pet foods in the North American market.
TripleNine Group (Denmark)
Operating across Denmark, Norway, and Chile, TripleNine is the "Sustainability Leader." They have built a commercial moat around 90%+ sustainability certification (MSC/IFFO RS). By 2026, TripleNine is leading the transition toward 100% circularity, ensuring that even the smallest trimmings from European filleting plants are captured and converted into high-value feed.
Emerging Specialized Players
Mukka Proteins (India): A rising star in the South Asian market, driving India's record seafood export growth through modernized steam-dried (SD) plants.
FF Skagen (Denmark): A specialist in the "Blue Bioeconomy," providing high-purity ingredients specifically for the high-growth salmonid and shrimp sectors in Europe.
Pesquera Diamante (Peru): Known for its efficiency, Diamante reported a 15% gain in raw fish conversion in 2025, setting a new benchmark for resource productivity.
Frequently Asked Questions: Non-Food Fish & SOFIA 2026
The following FAQs address common questions regarding the 2024–2026 reporting cycle for the State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) and the reduction industry.
Q: What exactly is a "reduction fishery"?
A: A reduction fishery is a fishery specifically managed to catch fish for processing into fishmeal and fish oil rather than for direct human consumption. These typically target small pelagic species like anchoveta, menhaden, and blue whiting.
Q: How much of the world's fish catch goes to non-food use?
A: According to 2024–2026 data, approximately 12% to 15% of the total global fish production is utilized for non-food purposes. About 80% of this portion is reduced to meal and oil.
Q: Is the use of wild fish for feed decreasing?
A: While the total volume of fishmeal production is growing, the percentage of that meal coming from whole wild-caught fish is slowly decreasing. This is due to the rapid rise in the use of by-products (trimmings from food-fish processing), which now accounts for roughly 35% of global production.
Q: Does El Niño still threaten production in 2026?
A: While the severe 2023–2024 El Niño has passed, its effects on "oil yields" persisted into early 2025. By 2026, biomass levels in the South Pacific have largely stabilized, leading to a recovery in supply, though climate-driven volatility remains a permanent risk factor in the SOFIA projections.
Glossary of Key Industry Terms
The following table provides standardized definitions for the technical and commercial terms used in the FAO SOFIA reports and by major industry bodies like the IFFO.
| Term | Abbreviation | Definition |
| Anchoveta | — | Engraulis ringens; the single most important species for global fishmeal production, primarily found off the coast of Peru and Chile. |
| Aquafeed | — | Formulated feed for farmed aquatic species (shrimp, salmon, etc.) that typically uses fishmeal as its primary protein source. |
| By-product / Trimmings | — | The heads, frames, and viscera left over after a fish is filleted for human consumption; a key "circular" source for fishmeal. |
| Docosahexaenoic Acid | DHA | An essential Omega-3 fatty acid found in fish oil, vital for brain health and a major driver of pharmaceutical value. |
| Eicosapentaenoic Acid | EPA | A long-chain Omega-3 fatty acid in fish oil used for heart health and reducing inflammation in humans and animals. |
| Feed Conversion Ratio | FCR | A measure of efficiency: the kilograms of feed required to produce one kilogram of animal weight gain. |
| Fish In : Fish Out | FIFO | A sustainability metric calculating the amount of wild fish required to produce a specific amount of farmed fish. |
| Forage Fish | — | Small, schooling fish (like sardines or herring) that occupy a low trophic level and serve as prey for larger predators. |
| Pelagic Species | — | Fish that live in the open ocean or "water column," neither close to the shore nor the bottom. |
| Steam Dried | SD | A high-quality processing method using steam cookers; results in "Prime" or "Super Prime" meal with higher digestibility. |
| Trophic Level | — | The position an organism occupies in a food web. Forage fish occupy a low level, making them efficient for reduction. |
Understanding the Production Flow
To better visualize how raw material is converted into these value-added products, the industry follows a standard "Reduction" pathway.